Global precipitation measurement

Global precipitation measurement

Global precipitation measurement. May 1, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission specifically designed to set a new standard for the measurement of precipitation from space and to provide a new generation of global rainfall and snowfall observations in all parts of the world every 3 h. According to the University of California and measurements taken at the Vostok station in Antarctica, precipitation in polar ice cap biomes is extremely low. Across the continent o...The NASA Precipitation Processing System (PPS) evolved from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Science Data and Information System (TSDIS). The purpose of the PPS is to process, analyze and archive data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, partner satellites and the TRMM mission. The PPS also …Aug 22, 2011 · The global precipitation measurement mission (GPM) has been in operation for seven years and continues to provide a vast quantity of global precipitation data at finer temporospatial resolutions ... GPM is an international satellite mission specifically designed to unify and advance precipitation measurements from research and operational microwave sensors for delivering next-generation global precipitation data products. The GPM mission concept centers on deploying a GPM “Core” satellite by NASA and JAXA carrying an advanced combined ... Motivated by NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission and Ground Validation objectives, the System for Integrating Multi-platform data to Build the Atmospheric column (SIMBA) has been developed as a unique multi-sensor precipitation data fusion tool to unify field observations recorded in a variety of formats and coordinate systems ...The WSR-88D radars operate at S band (2.7–3.0 GHz), and scan using a variety of weather-dependent standard volume coverage patterns. Data are collected as 3608 full scans at a varying number of elevation angles from 0.58 to 19.58, with gaps between the half-power beamwidth dimensions growing with elevation angle.Apr 1, 2016 · Abstract This paper demonstrates the impact of the enhancement in detectability by the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory. By setting two minimum detectable reflectivities—12 and 18 dBZ—artificially to 6 months of GPM DPR measurements, the … A brief animated look at the different types of remote sensing techniques that NASA uses to study the Earth. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conical- scanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM. Rab. I 15, 1441 AH ... Speaker: Dr. George Huffman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center On October 16, 2019, GPM held a webinar about the new Version 6 release of the ...Aug 22, 2011 · The most important upcoming mission for global precipitation mapping is centred on the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission lead by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the core satellite of which is due for launch in 2013 (Hou et al., 2008). This mission has been identified by the Committee on Earth …Satellite-based precipitation observations with high spatiotemporal resolution are essential for studying rainfall-induced natural hazards, especially in alpine and canyon areas of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, which are prone to such hazards yet sparsely gauged. Here, we evaluated precipitation estimated from the Chinese …The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has started in response to the success of the TRMM satellite, which is a U.S.-Japan joint project that was launched in November 1997. The GPM mission consists of the GPM Core Observatory jointly developed by U.S. and Japan and Constellation Satellites that carry microwave radiometers. GMI’s advancements include four additional high-frequency channels (166 to 183 gigahertz) that will measure moderate-to-light precipitation. Each object, such as rain, snow and Earth’s. surfaces, emits or scatters energy differently based on the object’s temperature and physical properties.  · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, launched in 2014 to succeed the TRMM, is the first Space-Bourne Ku/Ka band Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar and provides high and moderate rainfall estimates at a resolution of 0.1°. Accumulated rainfall estimates are recorded on 30-minute, 3-hourly, daily, weekly, …Aug 6, 2020 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space (Hou et al., 2014). The mission centers on the …The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a scientific undertaking to understand the physics and space-time variability of the Earth’s global precipitation as a key component of its weather, climate, and hydrological systems. In 2014, NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) launched the GPM Core Observatory (GPM-CO ...GPM advances precipitation measurements from space; enhances knowledge of precipitation systems, water cycle variability and freshwater availability; …Dec 13, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission was designed to offer new rainfall and snowfall observations from space (Figure 3). These data helped the next generation of global precipitation products, characterized by more accurate instantaneous precipitation estimates and unified precipitation retrievals from a constellation of MW ...Dec 13, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission was designed to offer new rainfall and snowfall observations from space (Figure 3). These data helped the next generation of global precipitation products, characterized by more accurate instantaneous precipitation estimates and unified precipitation retrievals from a constellation of MW ...One of the first storms observed by the NASA/JAXA GPM Core Observatory on March 17, 2014, in the eastern United States revealed a full range of ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program is a mission to measure precipitation from space, and is a similar but much expanded mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission to provide next-generation observations of rain and snow worldwide every three hours. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is the unified algorithm that provides rainfall estimates combining data from all passive-microwave instruments in the GPM …Remotely sensed precipitation estimates play a key role in predicting changes in freshwater supply and agricultural yields. Specifically, GPM provides advanced, frequent precipitation measurements on regional and global scales, which allows for a better understanding of precipitation systems that affect water cycle and freshwater availability.May 31, 2018 · The GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) Mission is an international US/Japanese multi-satellite constellation with the prime agencies being NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and JAXA (Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency). The constellation’s primary spacecraft, GPM Core Observatory (built by NASA), … GMI’s advancements include four additional high-frequency channels (166 to 183 gigahertz) that will measure moderate-to-light precipitation. Each object, such as rain, snow and Earth’s. surfaces, emits or scatters energy differently based on the object’s temperature and physical properties. Lesson Overview: This activity was developed to teach students about the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission. In this one-hour long activity, students will watch a short video summarizing the purpose of the mission, learn about the parts of the satellite and their functions, and build an edible model of the satellite. The ground-based radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) faces various challenges including the overestimation caused by the bright band (BB) in the stratiform region and the underestimation in mountainous areas when the terrain-enhanced precipitation occurs at the levels below ground-based radar measurements. The vertical …May 31, 2018 · The GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) Mission is an international US/Japanese multi-satellite constellation with the prime agencies being NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) and JAXA (Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency). The constellation’s primary spacecraft, GPM Core Observatory (built by NASA), …The IMERG analysis combines almost 20 years of rain and snow data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the joint NASA-JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM). The daily cycle of weather, also known as the diurnal cycle, shapes how and when our weather develops and is fundamental to …Rab. I 15, 1441 AH ... Speaker: Dr. George Huffman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center On October 16, 2019, GPM held a webinar about the new Version 6 release of the ...scanned filesbroadway taxi Mar 6, 2021 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an inter-national network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. The level 3 data of GPM (GPM IMERG) can provide 1 day, 3 day, 7 day and monthly temporal resolution data from year 2000 to present. In this study, the GPM The global merged geo-IR data are assembled by NOAA/NWS/CPC, and the Precipitation Processing System (PPS) accesses GEOS FP forecasts through the Goddard NCCS and Autosnow from NOAA. By about 3 hours after observation time the geo-IR and about 85% of the microwave (depending on how systems feel that day) have arrived at PPS. 4 days ago · Students are then introduced to the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission and learn how GPM will measure precipitation around the globe in new ways. Precipitation Towers Lesson Plan . This lesson guides students to explore precipitation patterns in different locations by using cubes to make graphs of precipitation data. There …Rainfall totals consider the yearly number of inches of precipitation and the number of days that it rains. Some cities get steady rain over many days while others have torrential ...Global Precipitation Measurement. active Mission. The GPM is an international network of satellites that provide next-generation global observations of rain …This work quantifies and investigates causes of differences among the first stable falling snow retrieval products from the Global precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite and CloudSat's Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) falling snow product.Resources. Precipitation is measured from space using a combination of active and passive remote-sensing techniques, improving the spatial and temporal coverage of global precipitation observations.A new data product merges data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, giving meteorologists and …Mar 15, 2024 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) main satellite has been jointly developed by JAXA and NASA, and is scheduled to be launched in JFY 2013. To facilitate a greater understanding on this mission, NASA will hold a live event where NASA and JAXA project managers and researchers will answer your questions. The questions will be … security federal ebankingsouth west texas The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which is led by Japan and United States and promoted trough a international collaboration framework, measures rain and snow for the benefit of all …Our guide covers the best gutter guards for heavy rain and everything you need to know to install and protect your home. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All...Apr 11, 2020 · Since precipitation is the primary input into these cycles and affects the availability of water resources over land areas, the measurement of precipitation across the globe is of critical importance. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory (CO), a joint US and Japan mission launched in 2014, extends and … first watcj May 1, 2002 · Initiatives such as the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (Adams et al. 2002) will improve the temporal resolution of microwave-based observations by launching a constellation of ... Aug 18, 2021 · Document Description. This document describes the data file formats for all GPM products. Metadata is described in Metadata for GPM Products. The purpose of this file specification document is to define the file content and format for the GPM data products. The file specifications have been reviewed by the algorithm developers. woodforestbank com123 abcsilver tree reach Jun 1, 2002 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program is a mission to measure precipitation from space, and is a similar but much expanded mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Its scope is not limited to scientific research, but includes practical and operational applications such as weather forecasting and water …Apr 1, 2016 · Abstract This paper demonstrates the impact of the enhancement in detectability by the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory. By setting two minimum detectable reflectivities—12 and 18 dBZ—artificially to 6 months of GPM DPR measurements, the …Jul 31, 2017 · Accurate and real-time precipitation estimation is a challenging task for current and future spaceborne measurements, which is essential to understand the global hydrological cycle. Recently, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites were launched as a next-generation rainfall mission for observing the global precipitation ... pixel ai 4 days ago · Students are then introduced to the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission and learn how GPM will measure precipitation around the globe in new ways. Precipitation Towers Lesson Plan . This lesson guides students to explore precipitation patterns in different locations by using cubes to make graphs of precipitation data. There …Jun 6, 2017 · Global precipitation variations over the satellite era are reviewed using the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly, globally complete analyses, which integrate satellite and surface gauge information. Mean planetary values are examined and compared, over ocean, with information from recent satellite programs and related … rapid reward shopping Home; A Goddard Latent Heating Retrieval Algorithm for TRMM and GPMNASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) uses satellites to measure Earth's rain and snowfall for the benefit of mankind. Launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014, GPM is an international mission that sets the standard for spaceborne precipitation measurements. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core …Although US stocks closed sharply higher on Thursday, there were a few notable insider trades. When insiders purchase shares, it indicates their ... Although US stocks closed shar...Transitioning developing economies away from majority-cash transactions is the key to global financial inclusion. On a recent visit to Dhaka, Bangladesh, I toured garment factories...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. idnotify dark webginger headspace Rainfall totals consider the yearly number of inches of precipitation and the number of days that it rains. Some cities get steady rain over many days while others have torrential ...The Precipitation Education website, presented by NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, provides students and educators with resources to …The Elaine W. Raines Early Career investigator Award recognizes the Council on Arteriosclerosis. Applicants must submit abstracts to Scientific Sessions 2023. The Abstract Deadline...Apr 22, 2022 · Using the data of ground rain gauges and GPM dual-frequency precipitation radar during April to September in 2014–2020, this study investigates vertical structures of AHREs over southwest China. Both mass-weighted mean diameter (D m) and reflectivity (Z e) of AHREs increase rapidly in ice-phase process but slowly in liquid-phase process. bahia fantasia Aug 6, 2020 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space (Hou et al., 2014). The mission centers on the …May 1, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM; Fig. 44.4) mission is the successor, with the primary aim of making frequent (every 2-3 h) observations of Earth's precipitation (Hou et al. 2014). A ...NASA Global Precipitation Measurement Mission has enabled societal applications. •. GPM application activities have helped establish a large stakeholder … rge rochesterlearn cox Detecting heavy precipitation events directly with GPS data. by Corinne Landolt, ETH Zurich. The measuring station on the roof of the Institute of Geodesy and …Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Class Flight Project Status current Organizations 610 612 613 617 619 Launch Date February 2014 WEBSITE Home. The GPM mission is one of the next generation of satellite-based Earth science missions that study global precipitation (rain, snow, ice). ...50%. Why is it important for scientists to measure how much precipitation is falling across the world? To keep track of how much freshwater is being provided and for safety. How does water regulate climate? Storing heat during the day and releasing it … The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Satellite Mission. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international collaboration that uses multiple satellites orbiting Earth to collect rain, snow and other precipitation data worldwide every thirty minutes. Feb 1, 2012 · Abstract. This paper explores the many aspects of precipitation measurement that are relevant to providing an accurate global assessment of this important environmental parameter. Methods discussed include ground data, satellite estimates and numerical models. First, the methods for measuring, estimating, and modeling precipitation are …According to the University of California and measurements taken at the Vostok station in Antarctica, precipitation in polar ice cap biomes is extremely low. Across the continent o...Sep 4, 2014 · The GMI observed an 547 mile- (880 kilometer) wide track of precipitation on the surface, while the DPR imaged every 820 feet (250 meters) vertically to get the three-dimensional structure of the rain and snowfall layer by layer inside the clouds. “What’s really clear in these images is the melting layer, the place in the atmosphere where ... The meeting is by invitation* to Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM) Science Team members and specified affiliates. Monday, September 18, 2023, is devoted to working group meetings. Tuesday through Thursday, September 19-21, 2023, will consist of general oral and poster sessions covering mission/program status, partner reports, science activities, … ameritrade app Jul 24, 2006 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is a collaboration between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and other US and international partners, with the goal of monitoring the diurnal and seasonal variations in precipitation over the surface of …Want to know how to capture rain in photography? Visit HowStuffWorks to learn how to capture rain in photography. Advertisement When dark clouds roll in and rain starts falling, mo...Rab. I 15, 1441 AH ... Speaker: Dr. George Huffman, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center On October 16, 2019, GPM held a webinar about the new Version 6 release of the ...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has started in response to the success of the TRMM satellite, which is a U.S.-Japan joint project that was launched in November 1997. The GPM mission consists of the GPM Core Observatory jointly developed by U.S. and Japan and Constellation Satellites that carry microwave radiometers. student site A brief animated look at the different types of remote sensing techniques that NASA uses to study the Earth. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Microwave Imager (GMI) instrument is a multi-channel, conical- scanning, microwave radiometer serving an essential role in the near-global-coverage and frequent-revisit-time requirements of GPM. American Meteorological Society, Seattle, Washington. Chen FW, Staelin DH (2003) AIRS/AMSU/HSB precipitation estimates. IEEE T Geosci Remote 41:410–417. Ebert EE, Janowiak J, Kidd C (2007) Comparison of near real time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models. B Am Meteorol Soc 88:47–64.Jun 1, 2002 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program is a mission to measure precipitation from space, and is a similar but much expanded mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Its scope is not limited to scientific research, but includes practical and operational applications such as weather forecasting and water …If you ever drive in the rain, here's a quick list of driving habits you should immediately get rid of. Read about 5 completely wrong ways to drive in the rain. Advertisement "Rain... lucy ai Transitioning developing economies away from majority-cash transactions is the key to global financial inclusion. On a recent visit to Dhaka, Bangladesh, I toured garment factories...Apr 11, 2020 · The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG) is a US GPM Science Team precipitation product. IMERG uses inter-calibrated estimates from the international constellation of precipitation-relevant satellites... This homemade rain barrel for recycling rainwater for use in your lawn and garden is an easy do-it-yourself project that costs less than $50. Watch this video to find out how. Expe...Mar 13, 2024 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. Building upon the success of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the GPM concept centers on the deployment of a "Core" satellite carrying an advanced radar / …Apr 11, 2020 · The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG) is a US GPM Science Team precipitation product. IMERG uses inter-calibrated estimates from the international constellation of precipitation-relevant satellites... private mailgreenbelt bank and trust Could fish rain from the sky? Things like this don't really happen, right? Find out. Advertisement When studying weather phenomena, it's a good idea to assume -- at least at the ou...The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, launched on Feb. 27, 2015, from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan, will help advance our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles, improve the forecasting of extreme events that cause natural disasters, and extend current capabilities of using satellite … GPM is an international satellite mission specifically designed to unify and advance precipitation measurements from research and operational microwave sensors for delivering next-generation global precipitation data products. The GPM mission concept centers on deploying a GPM “Core” satellite by NASA and JAXA carrying an advanced combined ... The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft, launched February 27, 2014 in a partnership between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is the anchor to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of available research and operational precipitation satellite sensors.Here's what to do before, during, and after a ride through the rain. Although more than three-fourths of Americans drive to work every day, alternative forms of transportation are ...Jun 1, 2002 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) program is a mission to measure precipitation from space, and is a similar but much expanded mission of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission. Its scope is not limited to scientific research, but includes practical and operational applications such as weather forecasting and water …Feb 10, 2011 · The GPM Core Observatory orbit inclination of 65 degrees is such that it enables the orbit to cut across the orbits of other microwave radiometers, sample the latitudes where nearly all precipitation occurs, and sample at different times of day. The GPM Core Observatory GMI instrument science data is returned continuously by TDRSS-MA (TDRSS ... The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, which is led by Japan and United States and promoted trough a international collaboration framework, measures rain and snow for the benefit of all …Aug 22, 2011 · This paper provides an overall review of global precipitation estimation, providing an outline of conventional measurements, the basis of the satellite systems used in the observation of precipitation, and the generation, availability and validation of the derived precipitation products. Finally, future satellite precipitation missions are ...Mar 13, 2024 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. Dec 13, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission was designed to offer new rainfall and snowfall observations from space (Figure 3). These data helped the next generation of global precipitation products, characterized by more accurate instantaneous precipitation estimates and unified precipitation retrievals from a constellation of MW ... Can a ring around the moon really predict rain? Find out and learn about moon rings and weather prediction. Advertisement Since the beginning of time, man has looked to the moon to... inwood national  · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, launched in 2014 to succeed the TRMM, is the first Space-Bourne Ku/Ka band Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar and provides high and moderate rainfall estimates at a resolution of 0.1°. Accumulated rainfall estimates are recorded on 30-minute, 3-hourly, daily, weekly, …Feb 27, 2014 · Celebrate the Global Precipitation Measurement Mission's 10th Anniversary! The NASA / JAXA GPM Core Observatory satellite launched on Feb. 27, 2014 from Tanagashima Space Center in Japan, marking the start of the Global Precipitation Measurement mission. We will celebrate this ten-year anniversary throughout 2024 with …The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, launched on Feb. 27, 2015, from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan, will help advance our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles, improve the forecasting of extreme events that cause natural disasters, and extend current capabilities of using satellite precipitation ...May 1, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission specifically designed to set a new standard for the measurement of precipitation from space and to provide a new generation of global rainfall and snowfall observations in all parts of the world every 3 h. ads microsoft It has been well established that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a condition that leads to chronic symptoms that are generally thought of as a primary disease. However, vascular i...Mar 21, 2011 · Advancing Precipitation Measurement from Space. GPM advances precipitation measurement capability from space using a combination of active and passive remote-sensing techniques. These measurements are used to calibrate, unify and improve global precipitation measurements by a constellation of research and operational microwave sensors. One of the first storms observed by the NASA/JAXA GPM Core Observatory on March 17, 2014, in the eastern United States revealed a full range of ... craigslist postingpapa johnes May 1, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM; Fig. 44.4) mission is the successor, with the primary aim of making frequent (every 2-3 h) observations of Earth's precipitation (Hou et al. 2014). A ..."The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international partnership co-led by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission centers on the deployment of the GPM Core Observatory and consists of a network, or constellation, of additional satellites that together will provide next-generation global ... most accurate credit score app The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) is an international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014 that is setting new standards for precipitation measurements worldwide. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core Observatory, GPM expands on the legacy of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM ... Applications. The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has several cross-cutting application areas which contribute to and enhance our understanding of weather forecasting, disasters, ecology, health, water and agriculture and energy. Using advanced space-borne instruments, GPM measures light rain to heavy rain and falling snow ... Abstract A prototype Validation Network (VN) is currently operating as part of the Ground Validation System for NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The VN supports precipitation retrieval algorithm development in the GPM prelaunch era. Postlaunch, the VN will be used to validate GPM spacecraft instrument …Satellite-based precipitation observations with high spatiotemporal resolution are essential for studying rainfall-induced natural hazards, especially in alpine and canyon areas of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, which are prone to such hazards yet sparsely gauged. Here, we evaluated precipitation estimated from the Chinese …associated with NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission and the ISRO-. CNES Megha-Tropiques mission;. Recalling the terms of the Framework ...May 1, 2002 · Initiatives such as the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (Adams et al. 2002) will improve the temporal resolution of microwave-based observations by launching a constellation of ... make uniform global precipitation datasets. Measurements from the GMI will also serve as a reference standard for cross-calibration of other satellites in the GPM constellation. For example, when overlapping measurements of the same Earth scene are made, measurements from GMI will be used to calibrate precipitationThe Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, launched on Feb. 27, 2015, from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan, will help advance our understanding of Earth's water and energy cycles, improve the forecasting of extreme events that cause natural disasters, and extend current capabilities of using satellite …Aug 6, 2020 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space (Hou et al., 2014). The mission centers on the … administrar contrasenas The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has started in response to the success of the TRMM satellite, which is a U.S.-Japan joint project that was launched in November 1997. The GPM mission consists of the GPM Core Observatory jointly developed by U.S. and Japan and Constellation Satellites that carry microwave radiometers.IMERG uses inter-calibrated estimates from the international constellation of precipitation-relevant satellites and other data, including monthly surface precipitation … fast chatting Jul 29, 2022 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory’s microwave imager (GMI) and dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) together provide ample information on global precipitation characteristics. As an active sensor, the DPR provides an accurate precipitation type assignment, while passive sensors such as the GMI are …Oct 27, 2020 · The need for global measurement of precipitation. Precipitation is a key component of the water cycle. Its formation involves different phases of water across the whole troposphere down to the Earth's surface, with the latent heat release of each phase transition strongly affecting the atmospheric energy budget.Everyone has a different outlook on rain. If you have somewhere to go or are already out and about, it can be a major inconvenience — especially if you’re stranded without an umbre... tandem tconnect The Global Precipitation Measurement mission provides unprecedented and highly useful global precipitation datasets. GPM Core Observatory data are used to intercalibrate a set of precipitation observations from constellation partner sensors. By merging GPM multisatellite estimates with other IR satellite data, products with temporal resolutions ...Jul 29, 2023 · The TRMM satellite ceased its observation mission in April 2015. It was replaced by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite, a joint program sponsored by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The GPM program includes satellites from multiple countries to provide global precipitation and snowfall …Feb 10, 2011 · The GPM Core Observatory orbit inclination of 65 degrees is such that it enables the orbit to cut across the orbits of other microwave radiometers, sample the latitudes where nearly all precipitation occurs, and sample at different times of day. The GPM Core Observatory GMI instrument science data is returned continuously by TDRSS …Large-scale synthetic research in ancient history is often hindered by the incompatibility of taxonomies used by different digital datasets. Using the example of enriching the Latin Inscriptions from the Roman Empire dataset (LIRE), we demonstrate that machine-learning classification models can bridge the gap between two distinct classification systems and …Jum. II 5, 1441 AH ... Advanced Webinar: Applications of GPM IMERG Reanalysis for Assessing Extreme Dry and Wet Periods This session will provide a brief overview ...GPM is an international satellite mission specifically designed to unify and advance precipitation measurements from research and operational microwave sensors for delivering next-generation global precipitation data products. The GPM mission concept centers on deploying a GPM “Core” satellite by NASA and JAXA carrying an advanced combined ...Feb 22, 2018 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is an international satellite mission initiated by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAXA) to unify and advance global precipitation measurements from space [].The mission centers on the deployment of a …Sep 26, 2020 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft launched February 27, 2014, is the anchor to the GPM international satellite mission to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of research and operational sensors to provide “next-generation” precipitation products.Abstract. GPM is designed to provide the next generation of global satellite precipitation products after TRMM,whose core observation platform has been launched on February 28,2014.The satellite constellation currently consists of 10 satellites,which is likely to expand in the future.To date,however,the latest paper devoted to the GPM mission ... TRMM was a research satellite in operation from 1997 to 2015, designed to improve our understanding of the distribution and variability of precipitation within the tropics as part of the water cycle in the current climate system. By covering the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the Earth, TRMM provided much needed information on rainfall ... The meeting is by invitation* to Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM) Science Team members and specified affiliates. Monday, September 18, 2023, is devoted to working group meetings. Tuesday through Thursday, September 19-21, 2023, will consist of general oral and poster sessions covering mission/program status, partner reports, science activities, …NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) uses satellites to measure Earth's rain and snowfall for the benefit of mankind. Launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014, GPM is an international mission that sets the standard for spaceborne precipitation measurements. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core Observatory, GPM …Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission that uses measurements from an advanced radar/radiometer system on a Core …Oct 27, 2020 · The need for global measurement of precipitation. Precipitation is a key component of the water cycle. Its formation involves different phases of water across the whole troposphere down to the Earth's surface, with the latent heat release of each phase transition strongly affecting the atmospheric energy budget.Transitioning developing economies away from majority-cash transactions is the key to global financial inclusion. On a recent visit to Dhaka, Bangladesh, I toured garment factories...This provides a large incentive to better observe and understand the underlying microphysical processes in TCs in order to improve precipitation forecasts and warning operations. 112 TCs from 2014 to 2020 were matched up with overpasses from the NASA Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission Dual-Frequency … Data Tutorials. Visualize GPM Precipitation Radar Data in 3D Using STORM Virtual Globe. Create a Map or Graph of Rainfall Totals for a Specific Date Range and Location Using GES DISC Giovanni. Read GPM IMERG Data Using Python. Display GPM / TRMM HDF Data Files Using THOR. Import Gridded GPM / TRMM Data in NetCDF Format into ArcGIS. firefighters first credit1600 amphitheatre parkway in mountain view santa clara county california The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has started in response to the success of the TRMM satellite, which is a U.S.-Japan joint project that was launched in November 1997. The GPM mission consists of the GPM Core Observatory jointly developed by U.S. and Japan and Constellation Satellites that carry microwave radiometers. jackpot mania Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Class Flight Project Status current Organizations 610 612 613 617 619 Launch Date February 2014 WEBSITE Home. The GPM mission is one of the next generation of satellite-based Earth science missions that study global precipitation (rain, snow, ice). ...Jul 1, 2016 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is composed of an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. As a global successor to TRMM, GPM focuses on the deployment of a “Core” satellite carrying an advanced radar/radiometer system to measure precipitation …Apr 1, 2016 · Abstract This paper demonstrates the impact of the enhancement in detectability by the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory. By setting two minimum detectable reflectivities—12 and 18 dBZ—artificially to 6 months of GPM DPR measurements, the …This work quantifies and investigates causes of differences among the first stable falling snow retrieval products from the Global precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite and CloudSat's Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) falling snow product.Dec 13, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission was designed to offer new rainfall and snowfall observations from space (Figure 3). These data helped the next generation of global precipitation products, characterized by more accurate instantaneous precipitation estimates and unified precipitation retrievals from a constellation of MW ... NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) uses satellites to measure Earth's rain and snowfall for the benefit of mankind. Launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014, GPM is an international mission that sets the standard for spaceborne precipitation measurements. American Meteorological Society, Seattle, Washington. Chen FW, Staelin DH (2003) AIRS/AMSU/HSB precipitation estimates. IEEE T Geosci Remote 41:410–417. Ebert EE, Janowiak J, Kidd C (2007) Comparison of near real time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models. B Am Meteorol Soc 88:47–64. This tool from NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System provides the capability to interactively browse global, full-resolution satellite imagery and then download the underlying data, including data from the Global Precipitation Measurement Missions. Many of the 600+ available products are updated within three hours of ... Resources. Precipitation is measured from space using a combination of active and passive remote-sensing techniques, improving the spatial and temporal coverage of global precipitation observations.GPM provides global precipitation measurements with improved accuracy, coverage and dynamic range for studying precipitation characteristics. GPM also improves weather and precipitation forecasts through assimilation of instantaneous brightness temperatures and retrieved … See moreGlobal Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission to provide next-generation observations of rain and snow worldwide every three hours. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is the unified algorithm that provides rainfall estimates combining data from all passive-microwave instruments in the GPM … NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) uses satellites to measure Earth's rain and snowfall for the benefit of mankind. Launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014, GPM is an international mission that sets the standard for spaceborne precipitation measurements. bloon monkey citydiet app This paper provides an overall review of global precipitation estimation, providing an outline of conventional measurements, the basis of the satellite systems used in the …Heavy rainfall on the Japanese island of Kyushu, with 39 inches of rain since Friday, is forcing over one million people to evacuate the area. It might be summer, but the sun is no...Jum. II 26, 1436 AH ... In 1997 when the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission, or TRMM, was launched, its mission was scheduled to last just a few years.Rain and other forms of precipitation fall from the clouds. When warm air passes over a body of water, it causes the water to evaporate. Once the water rises high enough, it clumps...make uniform global precipitation datasets. Measurements from the GMI will also serve as a reference standard for cross-calibration of other satellites in the GPM constellation. For example, when overlapping measurements of the same Earth scene are made, measurements from GMI will be used to calibrate precipitationRain and other forms of precipitation fall from the clouds. When warm air passes over a body of water, it causes the water to evaporate. Once the water rises high enough, it clumps...Manuel de Castro a. Add to Mendeley. Share. Cite. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.10.021 Get rights and content. Abstract. This … seamless leads GMI’s advancements include four additional high-frequency channels (166 to 183 gigahertz) that will measure moderate-to-light precipitation. Each object, such as rain, snow and Earth’s. surfaces, emits or scatters energy differently based on the object’s temperature and physical properties. May 1, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM; Fig. 44.4) mission is the successor, with the primary aim of making frequent (every 2-3 h) observations of Earth's precipitation (Hou et al. 2014). A ...Apr 11, 2020 · The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (IMERG) is a US GPM Science Team precipitation product. IMERG uses inter-calibrated estimates from the international constellation of precipitation-relevant satellites... The IMERG analysis combines almost 20 years of rain and snow data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and the joint NASA-JAXA Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM). The daily cycle of weather, also known as the diurnal cycle, shapes how and when our weather develops and is fundamental to … vat invoicekitco metals market Jum. I 7, 1436 AH ... What does building a satellite look like? In this timelapse of clean room footage from 2011 to 2014, watch the Global Precipitation ...Find out how to install a sheet metal rain diverter over a doorway on your roof to divert rainwater away from the entry to your home. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos La... freddy's fazbear pizza place Feb 1, 2012 · Abstract. This paper explores the many aspects of precipitation measurement that are relevant to providing an accurate global assessment of this important environmental parameter. Methods discussed include ground data, satellite estimates and numerical models. First, the methods for measuring, estimating, and modeling precipitation are …This work quantifies and investigates causes of differences among the first stable falling snow retrieval products from the Global precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory satellite and CloudSat's Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) falling snow product. The global merged geo-IR data are assembled by NOAA/NWS/CPC, and the Precipitation Processing System (PPS) accesses GEOS FP forecasts through the Goddard NCCS and Autosnow from NOAA. By about 3 hours after observation time the geo-IR and about 85% of the microwave (depending on how systems feel that day) have arrived at PPS. In recent years the total number at any given time is 10-12.The goal of multi-satellite algorithms is to use “all” of the available quasi-global precipitation estimates computed from this international constellation of satellites to create a high-resolution precipitation product with complete coverage over the chosen domain and period of ...One of the first storms observed by the NASA/JAXA GPM Core Observatory on March 17, 2014, in the eastern United States revealed a full range of ... stash bankingmy dr Find out how to install a sheet metal rain diverter over a doorway on your roof to divert rainwater away from the entry to your home. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos La...May 1, 2014 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM; Fig. 44.4) mission is the successor, with the primary aim of making frequent (every 2-3 h) observations of Earth's precipitation (Hou et al. 2014). A ...The meeting is by invitation* to Precipitation Measurement Mission (PMM) Science Team members and specified affiliates. Monday, September 18, 2023, is devoted to working group meetings. Tuesday through Thursday, September 19-21, 2023, will consist of general oral and poster sessions covering mission/program status, partner reports, science activities, …GPM advances precipitation measurements from space; enhances knowledge of precipitation systems, water cycle variability and freshwater availability; …The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory spacecraft, launched February 27, 2014 in a partnership between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), is the anchor to unify and advance precipitation measurements from a constellation of available research and operational precipitation satellite sensors.The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission has started in response to the success of the TRMM satellite, which is a U.S.-Japan joint project that was launched in November 1997. The GPM mission consists of the GPM Core Observatory jointly developed by U.S. and Japan and Constellation Satellites that carry microwave radiometers.NASA's Global Precipitation Measurement Mission. NASA's Soil More Active Passive Mission. Salinity and the Water Cycle. back 1 1. NEVER-ENDING ... This is why space …Feb 28, 2014 · On February 28, 2014, at 3:37 a.m. Japan Standard Time, an H-IIA rocket successfully carried the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory into orbit from the Tanegashima Space Center in southern Japan. The nosecone fairing (protecting GPM from the drag of the atmosphere) was jettisoned four minutes after launch, and the ... Mar 21, 2011 · Advancing Precipitation Measurement from Space. GPM advances precipitation measurement capability from space using a combination of active and passive remote-sensing techniques. These measurements are used to calibrate, unify and improve global precipitation measurements by a constellation of research and operational microwave sensors. Mar 15, 2024 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) main satellite has been jointly developed by JAXA and NASA, and is scheduled to be launched in JFY 2013. To facilitate a greater understanding on this mission, NASA will hold a live event where NASA and JAXA project managers and researchers will answer your questions. The questions will be …Abstract A prototype Validation Network (VN) is currently operating as part of the Ground Validation System for NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission. The VN supports precipitation retrieval algorithm development in the GPM prelaunch era. Postlaunch, the VN will be used to validate GPM spacecraft instrument …While some folks never think much about it, a clean vehicle is actually a happier vehicle. Learn more about washing your car naturally with rain. Advertisement While some folks nev...Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Class Flight Project Status current Organizations 610 612 613 617 619 Launch Date February 2014 WEBSITE Home. The GPM mission is one of the next generation of satellite-based Earth science missions that study global precipitation (rain, snow, ice). ...Ram. 14, 1444 AH ... Andrea Portier (NASA/SSAI) & Vasco Mantas (University of Coimbra / CITEUC) Lightening talks from scientists & Googlers hosted at Google's ...Dec 13, 2017 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission was designed to offer new rainfall and snowfall observations from space (Figure 3). These data helped the next generation of global precipitation products, characterized by more accurate instantaneous precipitation estimates and unified precipitation retrievals from a constellation of MW ... Jul 1, 2016 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission is composed of an international network of satellites that provide the next-generation global observations of rain and snow. As a global successor to TRMM, GPM focuses on the deployment of a “Core” satellite carrying an advanced radar/radiometer system to measure precipitation … downstream casino okgenshin impact interactive map Sep 1, 2011 · The quantification of precipitation on a global scale is critical for applications ranging from climate monitoring to water resource management. Conventional observations through surface gauge networks provide the most direct measure of precipitation, although these are very much limited to land areas, with very few in situ measurements over the …Transitioning developing economies away from majority-cash transactions is the key to global financial inclusion. On a recent visit to Dhaka, Bangladesh, I toured garment factories... sydeny opera house Feb 26, 2019 · Five years ago, on Feb. 27, 2014, the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory, a joint satellite project by NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), lifted off aboard a Japanese H-IIA rocket. Since then, the cutting-edge instruments on GPM have provided advanced measurements about the rain and snow particles ... make uniform global precipitation datasets. Measurements from the GMI will also serve as a reference standard for cross-calibration of other satellites in the GPM constellation. …It has been well established that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a condition that leads to chronic symptoms that are generally thought of as a primary disease. However, vascular i...American Meteorological Society, Seattle, Washington. Chen FW, Staelin DH (2003) AIRS/AMSU/HSB precipitation estimates. IEEE T Geosci Remote 41:410–417. Ebert EE, Janowiak J, Kidd C (2007) Comparison of near real time precipitation estimates from satellite observations and numerical models. B Am Meteorol Soc 88:47–64. This tool from NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System provides the capability to interactively browse global, full-resolution satellite imagery and then download the underlying data, including data from the Global Precipitation Measurement Missions. Many of the 600+ available products are updated within three hours of ... 4.3 ALGORITHM VALIDATION The more formal algorithm validation will examine various aspects of the IMERG results. At the snapshot level, comparison to the fine-scale NOAA Next-Generation Multi-Sensor Quantitative Precipitation Estimates (Q2), and to the PMM Kwajalein and Melbourne radar archives are considered key. This tool from NASA's Earth Observing System Data and Information System provides the capability to interactively browse global, full-resolution satellite imagery and then download the underlying data, including data from the Global Precipitation Measurement Missions. Many of the 600+ available products are updated within three hours of ... One of the first storms observed by the NASA/JAXA GPM Core Observatory on March 17, 2014, in the eastern United States revealed a full range of ...In today’s global marketplace, shopping for ingredients and products from around the world has become easier than ever. However, it can still be a challenge when you come across a ...High-level block diagram illustrating the major processing modules and data flows in IMERG. The blocks are organized by institution to indicate heritage, but the final code package is an integrated system. The numbers on the blocks are for reference in Section 5. Box 3 is computed at CPC as an integral part of IMERG. Abstract—Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission that uses. measurements from an advanced radar/radiometer system on a Core Observatory as reference. standards to unify and advance precipitation estimates through a constellation of research and. operational microwave sensors. In today’s globalized world, it is essential to be able to work with different units of measurement. One common conversion that often arises is the conversion between millimeters (... The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission (GPM) is an international satellite mission launched by NASA and JAXA on Feb. 27th, 2014 that is setting new standards for precipitation measurements worldwide. Using a network of satellites united by the GPM Core Observatory, GPM expands on the legacy of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM ... Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission that uses measurements from an advanced radar/radiometer system on a Core …The Precipitation Education website, presented by NASA’s Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission, provides students and educators with resources to learn about Earth’s water cycle, weather and climate, and the technology and societal applications of studying them.Its science objectives are: to improve ongoing efforts to predict climate by providing near-global measurement of precipitation, its distribution, and physical processes; to improve the accuracy of weather and precipitation forecasts through more accurate measurement of rain rates and latent heating; and to provide more frequent and complete ...Sep 10, 2016 · The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential of using data provided by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission satellite to better understand the structure and dynamics of convective systems using as an example a case of a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS), developed over the areas of central Greece …Apr 1, 2016 · Abstract This paper demonstrates the impact of the enhancement in detectability by the dual-frequency precipitation radar (DPR) on board the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) core observatory. By setting two minimum detectable reflectivities—12 and 18 dBZ—artificially to 6 months of GPM DPR measurements, the …NASA Global Precipitation Measurement Mission has enabled societal applications. •. GPM application activities have helped establish a large stakeholder …Jum. I 7, 1436 AH ... What does building a satellite look like? In this timelapse of clean room footage from 2011 to 2014, watch the Global Precipitation ... dysport rewardsuw job board Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) is an international satellite mission to provide next-generation observations of rain and snow worldwide every three hours. The Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) is the unified algorithm that provides rainfall estimates combining data from all passive-microwave instruments in the GPM …May 1, 2002 · Initiatives such as the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission (Adams et al. 2002) will improve the temporal resolution of microwave-based observations by launching a constellation of ... 50%. Why is it important for scientists to measure how much precipitation is falling across the world? To keep track of how much freshwater is being provided and for safety. How does water regulate climate? Storing heat during the day and releasing it …Sep 10, 2016 · The main objective of this study is to investigate the potential of using data provided by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission satellite to better understand the structure and dynamics of convective systems using as an example a case of a Mesoscale Convective System (MCS), developed over the areas of central Greece …Mar 15, 2024 · The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) main satellite has been jointly developed by JAXA and NASA, and is scheduled to be launched in JFY 2013. To facilitate a greater understanding on this mission, NASA will hold a live event where NASA and JAXA project managers and researchers will answer your questions. The questions will be …GLOBAL PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT. SEARCH . CONTACT . Missions. GPM. GPM Core Observatory; GPM Microwave Imager (GMI) Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) GPM Constellation; Launch; ... This page is a demonstration of the PMM Precipitation and Applications Publisher API. To learn how to use the API for your own … goldenone login TRMM was a research satellite in operation from 1997 to 2015. The NASA algorithm—the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM ( IMERG )—fuses data from the TRMM and GPM missions, giving meteorologists and researchers access to a 20-year precipitation record (from June 1, 2000 to present). Before TRMM and GPM, researchers had to depend ... The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission produces NASA's most comprehensive global rain and snowfall product to date, called the Integrated Multi …Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Class Flight Project Status current Organizations 610 612 613 617 619 Launch Date February 2014 WEBSITE Home. The GPM mission is one of the next generation of satellite-based Earth science missions that study global precipitation (rain, snow, ice). ...The ground-based radar quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) faces various challenges including the overestimation caused by the bright band (BB) in the stratiform region and the underestimation in mountainous areas when the terrain-enhanced precipitation occurs at the levels below ground-based radar measurements. The vertical … us military bases in americahow long should meta description be ---2